1.reach of contract （违约）： Breach of contract is a legal concept in which a binding greement or bargained for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the ontract by non-performance or interference with the other party s performance.
2. aw of obligations （法律责任）： The law of obligations is one of the component private aw elements of the civil law system of law. The law of obligations finds its origins in oman law which is defined as a“legal tie”or“legal bond”in the Institutes of Justinian. It concerned with situations wherea person has incurred a personal liability for which heis answerableat law.
3.ir John William Salmond （约翰·威廉·萨尔蒙爵士）： Sir John William Salmond， （ 3 December 1862 - 19 September 1924） was a legal scholar based in New Zealand and Australia.
4.romise （许诺；允诺；承诺）： In contract law a promiseis a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way. It is so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made. The person manifesting the intention is thepromisor. The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is thepromisee. Where performance of the promise is assumed to benefit a person other than the promisee， that person is a beneficiary. But in contract law the word promiseis commonly used to refer to promises which result in the promisor s word justifying expectations of performance from which a legal duty will arise in term of results. For instance， A orally agrees to sell land to B. This is an offer. B agrees to buy the land and pays＄10000 to A. This is an acceptance of the offer. If the land did not legally belong to A， this is a fraud and B is legally expected to recover his＄10000. By virtue of this indirect recognition of the duty to convey promise accurately， the agreement is a contract. If the promise is obviously misunderstood， thecontract is void. Som e say that the contract is a promise for a promise.
I Reading comprehension.
1.hat is a contract？
2. When will an agreement be reached？
3. What are the restrains on the contract？
4. What s the meaning of the Latin phrase“pacta sunt servanda”？
5. Are all contracts in written forms？ If not， which of them are made orally？
6. What is the primary principle in writing about contract？
7. In what language do common law jurisdictions offer proceedings？
8. Does the common law retain a high degree of freedom of contract？
9. What are the most common jurisdictions of choice？
II Phrase translation from Chinese into English.
1.《法国民事诉讼法典》
2.法律的选择；准据法
3.法律行为能力
4.通用语
5.法律管辖
6.违约
III
Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
contracts parties binding inadequate
meaninglesscontraryconsiderationbenefit
Consideration is known as“the price of a promise”and is a controversial requirement for （ 1）under common law. It is not necessary in all common law or civil law systems， and is considered by some to be unnecessary as the requirement of intention to create legal relations by both （ 2）meets the same requirement under contract. The idea is that both parties to a contract must bring something to the bargain， that both parties must confer some （ 3）or detriment （ for example， money， however in some cases money will not suffice as consideration—when one party agrees to make part payment of a debt in exchange for being released from the full amount） . This can be either conferring an advantage on the other party， or incurring some kind of detriment or inconvenience towards oneself. Three rules govern （ 4）.
Consideration must be real， but need not be adequate. For instance， agreeing to buy a car for a penny may constitute a （ 5）contract. While consideration need not be adequate， contracts in which the consideration of one party greatly exceeds that of another may nevertheless be held invalid for lack of real consideration. In such cases， the fact that the consideration is exceedingly （ 6）can be evidence that there was no consideration at all. Such contracts may also beheld invalid for other reasons such as fraud， duress， or being （ 7）to public policy. In some situations， a collateral contract may exist， whereby the existence of one contract provides consideration for another. Critics say consideration can be so small as to make the requirement of any consideration（ 8）.
IV Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
Agreement is said to be reached when an offer capable of immediate acceptance is met with a“mirror image”acceptance. The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be trifling， indeterminate， impossible or illegal. Contract law is based on the principle expressed in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda （ usually translated“pacts must bekept”， but more literally“agreements are to bekept”） . Breach of contract is recognized by the law and remedies can be provided. Sometimes written contracts are required， such as when buying a house. However， most contracts can be and are made orally， such as purchasing a book or a sandwich. Contract law can be classified， as is habitual in civil law systems， as part of a general law of obligations （ along with tort， unjust enrichment or restitution） .
V Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
据法律学者约翰·威廉·萨尔蒙爵士所言，合同是“一项创造并确定两个或两个以上当事方之间义务的协议”。
作为一种经济订货的手段，合同依靠协商一致的概念，并已广泛地在经济学、社会学和人类学方面进行了广泛的讨论。
然而，尽管合同是一种世界通用的经济订货的形式，但依然有许多不同的规则适用于民事法律（来源于罗马法原则）、伊斯兰法、社会主义法律体系，以及习俗或地方法律。
VI Oral work.
Try to give a deion on“condideration”in contract law.
Origins of Contract law
Contract law， like so much of English-origin law， is sometimes described in lengthy legalese diatribe， from which it is no easy task to excise a short， succinct and plainlanguage deion. Consider， for example， the following definition we came across for“contract”in the Canadian Encyclopedic Digest：