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[1]期刊主要包括:Journal of Product Innovation Management,Research Policy,Strategic Management Journal,International Journal of Technology Management,Industry&Innovation,California Management Review,Harvard Business Review,Administrative Science Quarterly
[2]譬如说,对于一个资本要素投入增长迅猛的国家,如果仅仅在索洛的增长核算体系下进行分析,那么将会很容易忽略资本积累过程中的资本体现式技术进步;并且这种分析将极有可能得出该国的经济增长是高投入、低效率型的增长方式,具体论述可见于赵志耘等(2007)。
[3]资本质量与资本存量增长率呈正向关系的假定事实上是对许多有关文献中所采用模型的简化。譬如,Greenwood,Hercowitz and Krusell(1992,1997)[[10][11]]考察了与投资相关的技术进步在经济发展中的作用,其结论就是,随着投资而带来的新的、更有效率资本的引入推动了美国的技术进步,并且在美国的经济发展中发挥了重要作用。与此同时,赵志耘等(2007)在考察中国资本体现式进步的过程中发现,中国经济发展过程中的设备资本投资高于建筑资本投资,因而投资的增长,新增设备的增加将会推动工业整体技术水平的提高。因此,假设资本质量与资本存量增长率呈正向关系是符合现实经济的。
[4]当采用(2)式进行估计的时候,一个自然而然的问题是,如何区分分别体现在资本质量和全要素生产率上的技术进步,对此,Jorgenson(1966)[[13]]认为,在内含资本体现式技术进步的经济中,全要素生产率的变动应当理解为总生产函数的移动,或者是非体现式技术进步(”Disembodied”Technical Change);本文计量方程的设立事实上是符合Jorgenson(1966)的思想的。同时,在赵志耘等(2007)看来,在对中国进行国民经济核算的过程中,如果没有将资本体现式技术进步纳入考虑范围之内的话,很容易对中国经济作出“高投入式增长意味着技术进步效率太低”的错误论断。因此,在考察技术进步的过程中,应当将资本质量纳入考虑范围之内。不过,本文采用的是传统的国民经济核算方法,也可以采用其他的核算方法,具体介绍可见于Greenwood and Krusell(2007)[[14]]。
[5]对于中国资本存量估计过程中相关学者采用的方法的总结,可见于刘丹鹤等(2009)。
[6]在具体的操作过程中,为了能够尽量少地降低误差,本文估计的初始资本存量水平不是开始于1978年,而是从1970年开始的。
[7]采用(3)式估计基期资本存量必定会有一些误差;但是,考虑到1955年至1980年之间会有26年,因此1955年及其之前的资本形成数据对于1980年的总体资本存量的影响将会非常微弱。事实也是如此,估计结果表明,1955年的固定资本形成数据在经过了多次折旧之后,仅占估算出来的1980年总体资本存量的0.21%。
[8]日本的确切时间段是1982年至2007年。
[9]所汇报的结果中,各因素对经济增长的拉动作用是由各因素的年均增长率与相应因素的产出弹性的乘积得到的,而各因素对经济增长的贡献率则是由各因素对经济增长的拉动作用与该经济体在考察期内的经济增长率的比值得到的;因此,在比较各种因素在不同经济体中所发挥的不同作用的时候,虽然各因素对经济增长的拉动作用这一指标有一定参考价值,但是受到不同经济体中不同经济增长率的影响很大,而各种因素对经济增长的贡献率则由于剔除了不同经济体中经济增长率不同的影响而在进行国际比较的时候会更加准确。
注1:海汽是一个类型非常特殊的企业,尽管名义上公司于1998年并入一汽集团,但是那是历史原因造成的,一汽集团并没有对其投入任何资金,也没有实质的话语权,而且海汽的发展战略与一汽集团的战略有很大的差异,所以此处把其归为独立的一种类型。
[10]参考Henderson和Clark(1990)提出的概念进行划分。
[11]参阅主要的项目管理专业杂志(Project Management Journal,International Journal of Project Management和PM Network)的各期杂志。
[1]作者于1992——1998年在南宁机械厂技术处工作期间一直从事柴油机研发工作,并曾于1996年主持过开发项目“G165型柴油机”的开发工作,该项目获得南宁市97年科技进步三等奖。
[2]作者曾经咨询或与之交流过的相关人士有:佳景公司总经理熊保平博士;南宁动力机械有限公司总经理杨惠军、研发处处长姚丹晨、高级工程师覃万庆;玉柴机器股份有限公司朱杰工程师;柳州微型汽车集团公司潘大锦先生。
[12]http://www。iso。ch/iso