书城历史英国历史读本:与《英国语文》同步的经典学生历史读本
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第6章 远古时期的英格兰,公元1154年前(6)

4.恺撒于是准备跨江而过,下定决心要跟随他的这些顽强敌人直至这片国土的腹地中央。这条通路后来被认为开辟在一个叫考维斯德克斯的地方,离切尔西c不远。直到比德d时代,这一地点在传统史学中一直被人道及。不过面对滔滔大江,要想摸着石头过河可没那么简单,何况河底到处是硕大的橡树桩,残忍而愤怒的敌人正在对岸严阵以待。

5.罗马勇士们想出一个办法降低了过河的危险,他们让马匹先走,然后跟在马匹后面走入水中。一时间,整个部队在河面上构成了一大片钢盔,这样的英勇行为让对岸的不列颠人目瞪口呆。他们还没回过神来,这边的大军已经奋力挣扎着安全通过了泰晤士河。

a 卡瑟白兰:英文Cassibelan,恺撒称其为卡西维劳努斯(Cassivelaunus),此时不列颠各部落联合起来,推举他为最高指挥官。

b 整修他的舰船:之前一场暴风雨严重损伤了他停泊在海岸的舰船。

c 切尔西:位于伦敦西南19英里。

d 比德时代:Bede也写作Beda,他是《基督教会史》的作者,卒于公元735年。

6.恺撒大军继续前行,到达卡瑟白兰的领地。这是一片用篱笆桩围起来的土地,位于赫特福德郡的树林中,并且被一圈土墙包围,林地和沼泽地上只要留有可以让敌人通过的漏洞,就全都用砍倒的树木堵上了。后来罗马人的城镇维鲁拉米姆,就在现在距圣奥尔本斯a不远地方,据说就是建在当年卡瑟白兰营地驻扎的地方。不过,这个说法很值得怀疑。

7.不管这城在何处,恺撒所到之处,都会有一些友好部落的使节把他指引到一些要塞。他进而可以突破防御工事,将守卫人员从哨岗上驱散,并且杀了不少,还顺手牵羊把那里的财产和大群牲畜带走,回来再以极受欢迎的价格卖给他那些总吃不饱饭的士兵,他们可是跟着他在这片到处是断壁残垣的土地上跋涉很多天了。

8.卡瑟白兰的领地自然也沦陷了。他最后的希望曾寄托在肯特部落的四位首领身上,他向他们送去了一封紧急求救信,要他们立即对罗马军营发动攻击。他们的确是发动了,但是却失败了,于是再也没有什么资本可以乞求和平。不过要说乞求和平,恺撒可是早就做好准备接受。但他也知道这样逞强其实也没什么意义,即使要想守住少许这些辛苦抢夺而来的土地,也得花费没完没了的精力。于是他开始改变策略,转而要求保有人质以及当地每年的进贡。然后他班师回朝,凯旋高卢,而他在这片被征服的土地上别的什么也没留下,只有一些废弃的营房,依然标志着这个岛屿曾是他的战利品。

9.他的两次远征对我们来说,似乎已经湮没在历史的深处,只是偶尔通过他笔下的文字b,我们能隐隐感受一下这已远去的历史脉搏,而这对今天的我们依然不无警示。从他著作中的观点来看,他知道如何去掩饰战事的失利以及撤退。事实上他也承认,在当时背景下,正是他们一贯的好运气让他们自己失去斗志,偃旗息鼓了。也不用怀疑,每一次短兵相接,罗马战刀总是能压倒性地制伏不列颠长剑,但面对此起彼伏的不列颠军队,还有他们不屈不挠的迎战斗志和分散灵活的作战阵列,罗马军团是耗不起持久战的。因此我们常说:“少量的不列颠人质,一串维纳斯腰上的不列颠珍珠,一次光荣的凯旋,这就是恺撒所获取的全部战利品。”

a 圣奥尔本斯:位于伦敦西北21英里。

b 笔下的文字:恺撒写有著名的历史著作《高卢战记》,共七卷,从公元前58年至前52年,每年的事迹写成一卷。书中用清晰的文笔详实地记录了他在高卢作战的经过,让我们看到了作为一个军事家、政治家的恺撒也富于文学家的才能。--译者注06DEFEAT OF CARACTACUS卡拉克塔库斯战败

captured,caught;made prisoner.conduct,bearing;behaviour.conqueror,victor.

defended,guarded.

prepared,made ready.

procession,train of people marching.

reminded,put in mind.reserved,kept.splendid,very fine.

1.When the Roman soldiers returned to Britain ninety-seven years after Caesar’s time,they were opposed by a brave chieftain whom they called Caractacus.They defeated him and killed his brother in the Essex marshes;but he fled to the mountains of Wales,and prepared to fight to the last for his country.

2.The place he chose was very strong,being surrounded with high rocky hills,and defended in front by a deep,swift river.Wherever there was passage through which the enemy might get,he blocked it up with heavy stones.When the flashing of yellow light far down the glen showed that the Roman soldiers were coming to battle,Caractacus made a speech to the clans that had gathered around him,and reminded them how their forefathers had driven Caesar away.

3.But what could the poor Britons do?In spite of all the heaps of stones,the Romans forced their way into the camp;and the soft copper swords of the Britons and their little shields of basket-work were bent or hewed to pieces by the hard,sharp,steel weapons of the attacking force.

4.When he saw that the blood of the Britons was flowing like water,and that the hollows among the rocks were filled with heaps of dead,Caractacus fled,until he came to the house of his stepmother,from whom he begged a lodging and some food.Pretending to be friendly,she gave him these;but she took the earliest chance of binding his limbs with cords and giving him up to the Romans.

5.It was the custom of the Romans,when they captured any great warrior,to lead him before the chariot of his conqueror through the streets of Rome,which were adorned with flowers,and filled with people in holiday dress.Theprocession was called a Triumph;and when it reached the slope of a certain hill,the captive was led aside and killed.

6.For such a fate was the noble Caractacus reserved.Carried to Rome in chains,he was forced to walk through the shouting crowds;and,as he walked and looked around him with brave blue eyes undimmed by suffering,he was heard to say with a wondering smile,“How can people who have such splendid houses here envy me a little cottage made of wood in Britain!”When he was brought before the Emperor Claudius,who,dressed in gold and purple,sat on a throne,his conduct was so noble,and his calm and honest words made the monarch so much ashamed,that he at once gave the brave man his freedom.

中文阅读

1.恺撒离去97年之后,罗马军队又一次踏上了不列颠的土地。这次他们面对的是一位勇敢的部落首领,叫卡拉克塔库斯。罗马军队在埃塞克斯的沼泽地里杀死了卡拉克塔库斯的一位兄弟,但是他自己逃了出来,躲进威尔士的山地,准备东山再起,为他的国家战斗到底。

2.他选择的根据地极为险峻,四周被陡峭的高山环绕,前方还有一条渊深湍急的河流作为天然防御。只要是敌人能够通过的路径,他都用大石头堵得死死的。当远处战甲金光闪烁,映入峡谷,那就意味着罗马的大军又来了。公元50年,卡拉克塔库斯就是在这样的局面下给整个部落做了一场演讲,大家聚拢在他周围听他慷慨陈词,他在演讲中提醒他的宗族同胞,先民们是如何把恺撒赶出不列颠的。

3.但是这些可怜的不列颠人又能做什么呢?尽管乱石成堆,罗马人最终还是攻入了这个堡垒,不列颠人脆弱的铜剑和用藤条编制的盾牌,在罗马人制作精良的、锋利的不锈钢武器面前根本不堪一击。

4.当卡拉克塔库斯看见不列颠人血流成河、尸骨满山的时候,知道大势已去,便一溜烟跑了。他藏到了他继母的家中,并向她乞求一个安身之处及一些果腹之粮。他的继母假装很友好地满足了这些要求,但趁他不注意的时候,一下把他用绳索捆绑了起来,然后交给了罗马人。

5.罗马人有个习俗,就是每当他们俘虏一个敌方大将时,会让他走在抓获他的军队的战车前面,在罗马城里游街示众。这辆战车用鲜花装点,并且载满穿着节日盛装的罗马人。罗马人把这样的队伍叫做“凯旋之军”。当整个队伍行进到一座山的斜坡时,俘虏就会被拉到一边,就地正法。

6.这就是高贵的卡拉克塔库斯将要面对的命运。公元51年,他被用铁链捆绑押送到了罗马,在游街时被迫走过喧嚣的人群。他在行进中向周围看了一眼,这双英勇的蓝色双眸没有一丝畏惧与苦楚,然后他慷慨大义地发话了:“这里的人们住着如此富丽堂皇的房子,可为什么要欺凌我这样一个在不列颠岛上住小木屋的人!”最后他被带到了罗马皇帝克劳狄面前,克劳狄皇帝穿着金紫相间的皇袍,端坐在宝座上。卡拉克塔库斯毫无惧色,应答如流,他平静、高贵而坦诚的表现深深打动了克劳狄皇帝,于是克劳狄立即赦免了他,让这位勇士重新获得了自由。

07

CARACTACUS AT ROME

卡拉克塔库斯在罗马

51A.D.(公元51年)

audience,a hearing.bondage,slavery.dauntless,fearless.

deigned,stooped;lowered myself.imperial,belonging to an empire.maintained,defended.

mimic,imitation;sham.pagsantry,display.preferred,put forth.prostrate,on their faces.

serene,calm.

suppliant,petitioner;one asking a favour.

triumph,procession.uncofiquered,not subdued.unfurled,unrolled.unquelled,not subdued.

unreft,not bereft;not deprived.victorious,successful.wrested,torn away.