8.Kindred with astrology was alchemy,an art which had for its object the discovery of the philosopher‘s,stone and the elixir of life.The former was an imaginary substance which could change all common metals into gold;the latter was a liquid which would confer on the person drinking it everlasting life and beauty.From witchcraft came that knowledge of drugs and plants so useful in medicine and the arts;while from the falsehoods of astrology and alchemy sprang the truths of astronomy and chemistry.
9.Navigation,geography,and commerce advanced together with rapid strides.Henry the Seventh laid the foundation of our navy,and therefore of our world-wide commerce.English ships were soon ploughing every sea.In Mary’s reign the way to Archangel was discovered,and our Russian trade began.
10.It was,however,in the days of Elizabeth that commerce received its mightiest impulse.Wool,lead,and tin had long been exported to theaContinent,but in vessels from the Hanse Towns.
Elizabeth built large vessels
for this trade,and encouraged the English merchants to improve their ships.By granting a charter to the East India Company in 1600,she laid the foundation of our Indian Empire.
11.A remarkable feature of the period was the revival of learning,especially of the study of classics.This was owing chiefly to the Reformation;for the true explanation of the Bible depends on a knowledge of Greek,Hebrew,and Latin;and with the spread of the Bible was diffused a desire to know these languages.They have ever since held a leading place in school and college education.
12.Erasmus,a Dutchman,was Professor of Greek at Oxford in the reign of Henry the Eighth,and did much for the advancement of classical study.Henry the Eighth,Edward the Sixth,Jane Grey,and Mary were all good classical scholars;and Elizabeth,even after she became Queen,read,as her tutor,old Roger Ascham,said,“more Greek in a day than a clergyman read of Latin in a week.”
a Hanse Towns.-The Free Cities of Germany,forming a commercial league.There are now only three-Frankfort,Bremen,and Lubeck.
中文阅读
1.骑士锦标赛如今已成为一个极为小众的运动,因为今天的军队再也不是由穿着铠甲的骑士组成了。打猎尤其是猎鹿游戏一直是我国比较流行的运动,在这一时期,女士也会参与追猎,并在游戏中用弓箭射击猎物。伊丽莎白在年老后对此运动乐此不疲,有时甚至每隔一天就要玩一次。带猎鹰打猎虽然也时有人进行,但是已经开始衰退,因为这时已经开始用枪了。还有带奖金的赛马比赛,但是现代的赛马制当时还完全没有踪影。
2.斗熊赛和斗狗赛在当时是最受欢迎的运动。玛丽女王当年去哈特菲尔德宫a拜访她妹妹,其实就是去参加一场盛大的斗熊赛。伊丽莎白女王曾在格林威治接见一位丹麦使者,招待他的方式就是与他一起观赏一场类似的比赛。在户外宽敞的空地上,动物们急速奔跑,并与英格兰猛犬不停撕咬;一旦有动物被咬死或受重伤,又会有新的补进去。后面往往还有一个残忍的节目,就是鞭打一头瞎眼的熊。当时即使女士们也非常喜欢这项运动,但是估计我们不会,可以想象当时语言也是很粗鄙的。当时的大众运动项目有箭术、竞走与各种球类运动,比如网球、棒球(板球的起源),还有一种铁圈球,运动中要将一个黄杨木球用球棍打过一个铁圈门。
3.圣诞节更是人们进行各种文体娱乐活动的大好时机,并且特许人们玩各种花样的恶作剧和刺激游戏。几乎从国王到乞丐,全国人民都会穿上稀奇古怪的衣服、戴上各类别出心裁的面具进行狂欢,没有面具的人会在脸上抹上煤灰,也绝不会错过这样的机会。每一个教区都会选出一个“造反之王”,然后他会带着一帮人上街疯玩,这些人穿着绿色或者黄色的衣服,上面还有各种彩色飘带,一路大呼小叫,敲鼓狂欢,有时甚至还会到教堂对别人的礼拜仪式进行捣乱。这些人戴的面具有羊头、鹿头、狗头,常常还会穿上动物皮毛来彰显野蛮。
4.五朔节也是古代英格兰另一个重要节日。节日当天半夜,人们会到树林里摘取绿树枝条,然后选出一位“五月之主”和“五月女士”,并围着一根用鲜花点缀的五月柱尽情跳舞。紧接着便是大家一起跳摩里斯舞b,领舞的人穿着华丽的盛装,衣服上以及手臂和膝盖上都缀满了许多小铃铛。
5.一些传说中的人物比如罗宾汉c和他的情人玛丽安,以及一个木马也会出现在舞蹈队伍中。木马是由轻便的木结构制成马的头部和身子,上面坠满各种马的装饰物一直垂到地面,以此隐藏里面的人的双腿,里面的人便可以在这样一个马的模型中尽情欢跳。
a 哈特菲尔德宫:位于教会所属哈特菲尔德,地处赫特福德郡西南6.5英里。
b 摩里斯舞:一种据说是起源于西班牙摩尔人的舞蹈。
c 罗宾汉:理查德一世时代的著名英雄人物,是一位功勋卓著的弓箭手。其英雄事迹被后世以各种方式表现在多种运动项目中,玛丽安是他队伍中关系很好的一位朋友。
6.此一时期,有三种形式的迷信行为深深影响了人们的思想观念,分别是巫术、占星术和炼金术。一些年老体衰的老太婆是荒诞不经的巫术信仰的最大受害者,因此而导致死亡的人数以百计。很多愚昧的胡闹也得归咎于她们,比如如果有小孩生病夭折,她们会认为这是巫婆所为;夜里遇到打雷下雨,这些吓得发抖的乡下人会认为这是骑着扫把的巫婆在半夜的天空中发出的尖叫。这样的迷信信仰直到上个世纪一直占据着人们的心灵,即使今天,在一些边远农村也照样没有完全消除。