5.伊丽莎白时代之前，所有的盘子汤勺都是木制的，因此名字都叫Treene（树质的）。到了她执政的时代，锡盘与金属器皿就已在农民阶层中开始使用了。大约在1580年左右，大马车也被引入英格兰，而在这之前，女士上马都坐在位于仆从后面的专用鞍垫上，并握住一根带子连接前面的仆人，以保持身体平衡与固定。
6.弗朗西斯·德雷克勋爵将土豆从南美洲的圣达菲引入英格兰，并首先在兰开夏郡开始栽种。沃尔特·拉雷勋爵又将其引入爱尔兰，他还从西印度群岛引入了烟a Beef-eaters.-A corruption of buffetiers，attendants at a buffet，or sideboard；that is，waiters.
草，并教会英格兰人如何使用。亨利八世时期，牛羊肉的售价为每磅半便士，小牛肉和猪肉则为每磅3法新a。
7.贵族和上流社会的家庭一般还是在城堡大厅用餐，众多仆人随侍左右。餐桌中部位置立着一个很大的银质或锡制盐盘，上座尊位就位于盐盘的一边，那里是户主以及他的家人与宾客入座的地方。盐盘的另一边则是仆人们的位置，根据他们的身份高低依次而坐。贵族们都过着王室般的生活，比如拥有肯尼沃斯城堡b的莱斯特伯爵，自己便有部众10000余人。1576年他曾在那里大摆宴席，整整17天都与伊丽莎白女王在歌舞升平之中陶醉得不亦乐乎。
8.普通乡下人一般都穿一件黄褐色的紧身皮坎肩，但其服饰的流行样式也跟我们今天的一样，老是不断变化。亨利八世时期的王公大臣们在国王长胖的时候，也喜欢在自己衣服里塞满填充物，这样看起来像很肥似的，也就跟亨利国王“保持一致了”。凯瑟琳·霍华德王后从法国引入了别针，但这玩意可不便宜，因此丈夫们都会允许妻子们攒些钱来置办。“零花钱（Pin-moneyc）这个词就是这么来的。
9.当时不论男女，都喜欢在颈部和手腕上装饰褶皱的亚麻扇翎。这种饰物最早是用木头或象牙制成的，但是到了伊丽莎白时代则用黄色的乳浆将麻布硬化加以代替。鲸骨裙在玛丽执政时期从西班牙传入英格兰，这是一种用圆环撑开的长裙。当时人们一般都穿棉布长筒袜，到了伊丽莎白执政第三年，她收到了一双黑色的丝绸长筒袜，至此以后她就再没穿过其他种类的长筒袜了。她驾崩之后，人们在她衣橱里找到了3000多套衣服。
10.绅士们一般要么留着短短的卷发，要么留长发扎起来，但大多都留着又长又硬的胡子须。穿着当时女王卫兵服饰的人被称作”吃牛肉者d“，这已成为都铎王朝极具代表性的男性服饰形象之一。
a 法新：英国旧制货币单位，4法新等于1便士。--译者注b 肯尼沃斯城堡：位于沃里克以北4.5英里处，这座古老城堡至今依然保存完好。
c Pin-money：即零花钱，直译过来就是”别针钱“。--译者注d 吃牛肉者：原词Beef-eater，其实是buffetiers一词的误用，意即自助餐或餐厅中的侍者。
103
SOCIAL CONDITION-THE TUDORS
都铎王朝的社会状况（二）
amumming，sporting in masks and disguises.
（PART II）
imaginary，not real.
impulse，push forward.
bearbaiting，baiting，or provoking，a bearwith dogs.decline，go down.entertained，amused.
explanation，showing the meaning.
foundation，beginning.
license，freedom of conduct.
mischief，evil.
practised，carried on.
representing，figuring；showing forth.superstition，absurd opinions.trembling，shaking with fear.
1.The tournament had now sunk into a mere sport，for the strength of armies consisted no longer in steel-clad knights.Hunting，especially the staghunt，has been at all times one of our national sports.During this period the ladies often joined the chase，and shot at the game with arrows.Elizabeth，even in her old age，enjoyed the sport，sometimes engaging in it every second day.Hawking，though still practised，was now beginning to decline，for the gun was coming into use.There were horse-races for prizes；but the modern system of gambling bets was unknown.
2.Bear-baiting and bull-baiting were favourite sports of the highest in thealand.Queen Mary，visiting her sister at Hatfield House，was entertained witha grand bear-baiting.Elizabeth，receiving the Danish ambassador at Greenwich，treated him to a similar sight.The animal was fastened in the middle of an open space，and worried by great English bull-dogs；and，as the dogs were killed or disabled，fresh ones were supplied.The cruel sport of whipping a blinded bear often followed.Even the ladies enjoyed these sports；and we cannot，therefore，wonder that the language of the period was very coarse.The principal country sports were archery，foot-races，and various games of ball.Among the last were tennis，club-ball （the origin of cricket），and pall-mall，in which a boxwood balla Hatfield House.-At Bishop’s Hatfield，6.5miles south-west of Hertford.
was struck with a mallet through an iron arch.
3.Christmas was the great season of sports.There was then a general license，and all sorts of wild tricks were played.From the Sovereign to the beg gar all England went a-mumming in strange dresses andmasks.Those who could not getmasks rubbed soot on their faces.In every parish a Lord of Misrule was chosen，who，with a troop of idle fellows in green and yellow dresses covered with ribbons，went about shouting and playing drums，sometimes even into the churches during Divine ser vic e.TheseLORD OF MISRULE.
mummers wore masks representing the heads of goats，stags，and bulls，and often dressed themselves in skins to resemble savages.
4.May-day was another festive season in old England.Green branches were pulled immediately after midnight；a Lord and Lady of May were chosen；and dances were kept up round a Maypole crowned with flowers.Connected withathese sports was the Morris-dance.
The principal dancer，or foreman of the
Morris，was richly dressed；and all had bells attached to their skirts，arms，and knees.
b
5.Some assumed characters，such as Robin Hoodand Maid Marian；and ahobby-horse was always in the band.This was a light wooden frame，representing the head and body of a horse，with trappings that reached the ground and concealed the legs of a man，who pranced about in imitation of a horse.
6.Three forms of superstition influenced the minds of the people to a great degree during this period.These were witchcraft，astrology，and alchemy.Feeble old women were the most frequent victims of the absurd belief in witchcraft；and they perished by hundreds.Allmischief was ascribed to them.If a child fell sick and died，some witch had done it；if a storm arose，the trembling peasants thought they heard the screaming of witches riding on broom-sticks through the midnight skies.This belief kept its hold of thea Morris-dance.-Supposed to have been derived from the Moors of Spain.
b Robin Hood.-A popular hero in the time of Richard I.，famous for his exploits as an archer.These exploits were represented in a national sport called after him.“Maid Marian”was one of his band of friends.
popular mind up to the present century，and is not even yet extinct in some remote country districts.
7.The astrologers，whose art was more than four thousand years old，pretended that they could foretell events by the stars.They were consulted by even the highest and the wisest，and were therefore honoured and rich.Many of our common words，such as “disaster”and “ill-starred，”had at first a meaning connected with astrology.