禹州钧官窑遗址博物馆,打脸钧官窑明代说?还真做不到。
我去钧官窑址博物馆那天,群里就有人说,等你发文,打脸钧窑明代说,
可是这脸还真打不了,因为我一直都支持这个观点。
2003年,禹州市制药厂“古钧花苑”住宅楼建设工程挖出了一批官钧瓷标本,虽然马上进行了抢救性发掘,但已经有一批瓷片流入了市场,其中有数千片标本被深圳文物考古鉴定所征集,其中可复原的多达200件。2006年,《“官钧”瓷器研究》发表,认为过去被定为宋代五大名窑的钧官窑应为明代烧造。
对比深圳多家媒体进行报道,引起轩然大波。这大概是第一次关于钧窑年代的问题在学术圈以外广泛传播,2008年后,苏富比等国际大拍卖行也开始将钧官窑瓷器改为明代。
这是因为深圳的影响力吗?其实并不是。
对于钧窑年代的挣扎由来已久,只不过一般都停留在学术圈内,深圳只是把这个争议传导到了民间。
钧窑得名于钧州,金大定二十四年(1184年)钧州设立、明万历三年(1575年)钧州避讳改称禹州。明初以前没有关于钧窑的任何记载,明中期才出现比较明确的钧窑相关文献,到晚明至清初开始被认为是宋瓷,但直到晚清至民国才被看作名窑。至于宋代五大名窑的定义就更晚了,起码要到上世纪50年代才出现。
相比之下,对钧窑年代的质疑甚至还早于宋代五大名窑的说法,20世纪30年代已经有日本学者提出钧窑应烧造于金代。由此开始至今近百年的时间,对于钧窑的争议几乎成了一出肥皂剧,篇幅关系我不展开,各位可以去搜索故宫博物院徐华烽,北京大学秦大树的论文《钧窑考古与研究综述(上,下)》。
对于钧窑的年代,首先就要抛弃感情因素,你收藏钧瓷,当然不能接受自己手里的宋代名窑成了明朝花盆。有意思的事,上文的作者徐华烽来自故宫博物院,但故宫恰恰是死硬坚持钧窑是宋代的博物馆之一。
钧官窑址70年代发掘的年代判定就并没有通过地层和类型学类比而是通过传统陶瓷鉴定的方法定为宋代,2004年这次抢救性发掘虽然地层定为元末明初,但依旧认为出土花器为宋代。
钧瓷在金代晚期以前的纪年墓葬和其他类型的纪年遗存中不见踪影,且目前所有出土钧釉瓷器的纪年墓葬都在13世纪以后。有了这两个前提再去看禹州钧官窑址博物馆的藏品就会看出他们对北宋的坚持似乎只是停留在表面,内心其实也不坚定。
所有标注北宋的器物无论器形釉色如何,来源无外乎几种:窖藏,收购,旧藏,私人藏品,无一件出自明确纪年的墓葬,唯一考古出土自窑址的也有前述地层信息不可靠的问题。
我虽然不研究瓷器,但一直保持关注,这趟在内蒙一路过来尤其在河北以北地区,几乎所有墓葬出土的钧瓷无论带不带红斑均为元代。
如果宋代就已经有了出窑万彩的官钧,那为什么后来反而只有釉色很差的粗瓷,红斑反而要到元代才出现,众多追随者如佛山石湾窑等更是等到明清时期才出现。逻辑上就不通,青釉,红斑,万彩,这才是正常的发展路径。
即便强如汝窑,也并没有真的只有北宋是巅峰,只是南宋官窑,龙泉等有着各自明确的窑口,且通过对比也能看出来汝窑本身可能也是在对越窑秘色瓷的模仿中找到了自己的特点,且配方有好几种,并不固定于某一颜色。
钧瓷的年代就像楚系青铜器是否用了失蜡法,商周兽面纹饕餮纹究竟是动物还是神等争论一样,无论你怎么说,都会有人反对。所以结论就是没有结论,但不妨碍我们有自己的判断。
我不认为宋代有出窑万彩的钧釉瓷,但不代表宋代禹州不烧造瓷器,在汝窑如日中天的时候,这一片各种窑口都仿烧,这是很正常的事。广义上看他们今天能被称为钧瓷,但无论怎么看都不算钧官窑。
最后吐槽一下这个博物馆,节能灯十秒就灭,我一件东西没拍完就黑了,要来回折腾几次,灯光又差,体验十分糟糕,三年前来是如此,现在仍旧如此。
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