书城文学古典与现代(第二卷)
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第25章 凿壁借光(8)

HewasatWeimaruntil1717.Duringhisyearstheresixchildrenwereborntohimandhiswife,includingtwowhoweretobecomecomposers,WilhelmFriedemann(bornin1712)andCarlPhilippEmanuel(bornin1714).Professionally,hewasactiveinteachingandinorganandharpsichordconstructionandrepairs.In1713hewasofferedapositionelsewhere,butthedukegiveBachasalaryincreaseandpromotedhimtoKonzertmeister,withthetaskofprovidinganewcantataeveryfourweeks.Soon,however,somethingwentwrong.From1716therearefewcantatas,andnonefrom1717.Attheendof1716theoldKapellmeisterdied,andperhapsBachexpectedtobepromotedagaintotheseniorpost;butheheardthatthedukewaslookingelsewhere.SoBachsoughtasimilarposition,andwasofferedonebyPrinceLeopoldofCthen.Heappliedinsuchstrongtermsforhisreleasethatthedukesenthimtoprisonforfourweeksandthendismissedhim.

他在魏玛一直待到一七一七年。这些年里夫妻俩有了六个孩子,两个后来成为作曲家:一个是一七一二年出生的威廉·弗里德曼;另一个是一七一四年出生的卡尔·菲力浦·伊曼纽尔。就职业而言,他教书积极,也花心思研制和维修风琴和羽管键琴。一七一三年,别的地方邀请他去,可公爵给巴赫加了薪,并提升他为首席小提琴师,任务是每四周要谱写出一支新的康塔塔乐曲。然而,很快就遇到问题,自一七一六年开始康塔塔作品就很少,到一七一七年则完全没有。一七一六年底,老管弦乐队指挥去世,也许巴赫期盼再次提升并接替那个空位,可他听说公爵在物色别的人选,巴赫就只好另谋高就了。正好科滕的利奥波德王子答应聘请他,他因请求免除服役时措辞激烈,公爵一气之下把他送进班房关了一个月,一出来就炒了他的鱿鱼。

Bachmusthavebeengladtomove.PrinceLeopold,ayoungerman,wasakeenmusiclover,agoodamateurplayer,andakindemployerandgoodfriendtoBach.ByfaithhewasCalvinist,whichmeantthatmusicwaslittleusedinhischapel.Bachwroteafewcantatasforspecialoccasions,buthischiefdutywastoprovidemusicforhisemployer"sentertainmentandperhapsparticipation.Bach"slifewasactiveandvaried:hewasindemandfortestingneworgans,hehadtripstoBerlintobuyaharpsichord,andhewasoneofthesmallgroupofmusicianswhoaccompaniedPrinceLeopoldwhenhewenttotakethewatersatafashionablespa.Itwasduringthesecondsuchvisit,in1720,thattragedystrucktheBachfamily:hecamebacktofindhiswife,MariaBarbara,deadandburied.Shewasonly36,andleftafamilyoffour(twohaddiedininfancy).Attheendof1721,Bachremarried:hisnewwife,AnnaMagdalena,wasasingeratthecourt,andlikehisfirstwifecamefromlocalmusicalstock.Shewas20;Bachwas36.Themarriagewashappy,tojudgebythetalesofdomesticmusicmakingandthebookshecompiledforherofsimpleandtunefulkeyboardpieces—anditwascertainlyfruitful,forsheborehimnofewerthan13childrenofwhomsixgrewtomaturityandtwoachievedfameascomposers(JohannChristophFriedrich,bornin1732,andJohannChristian,bornin1735).

巴赫也一定乐得离开。利奥波德王子年轻,是个地地道道的乐迷,又是业余演奏的高手,也是个心地善良的雇主,成了巴赫的好友。王子信加尔文教,这意味着他的小教堂很少用音乐。巴赫只为几个特殊场面写过一些康塔塔,而他的主要职责却是用音乐取悦王子,或许还要与王子合作谱曲。巴赫的生活是积极而丰富多彩的:他被要求调试新的管风琴;去了几趟柏林添购一架羽管键琴;他成了一个音乐家小圈子里的一员,他们是王子到时髦疗养胜地洗温泉浴时的随从。一七二○年,就在第二次这样的出游中,巴赫家中发生了不幸,他回来时才知妻子玛丽·巴巴拉去世并已下葬。妻子才三十六,留下四个孩子(两个在襁褓中夭折)。一七二一年底,巴赫再婚。新妻名叫安娜·马格达莱纳,是位宫廷歌手,如前妻一样也是当地音乐世家之女,年方二十,而巴赫已三十六岁。婚姻幸福美满,这可从家庭音乐演奏的轶事以及巴赫为她编写的那些收集着简洁优美的键盘音乐作品的书册中看出——其实,也的确硕果累累,因为她为巴赫生了不下十三个孩子,其中六个长大成人,两位成为有名的作曲家:生于一七三二年的圣约翰·克里斯托夫·弗里德里希;生于一七三五年的圣约翰·克里斯提安。

InthemonthofBach"smarriage,hisemployeralsomarried.Leopold"snewwife,unhappily,didnotsharehisloveformusic,andfromthistimeonBachfoundhispositionatthecourtdecreasinginimportance.BachhadearlierconsideredleavingCthen:in1720hehadappliedforanimportantpostasorganistinHamburg,hadplayedthereandhadbeenofferedtheposition;buthedeclined,possiblybecauseaheftydonationtothechurchfundsseemstohavebeenexpectedofhim.

正当巴赫新婚蜜月,他的雇主也结婚了。不幸的是,王子的新娘并不爱好音乐。打那时起,巴赫感到他在宫廷里的地位每况愈下。其实巴赫早就想离开科滕,一七二○年,他曾在汉堡申请一个风琴手的重要职位,也去演奏过并被录取,但他放弃了,可能是因为教堂基金会流露出希望从他这里得到一笔可观的捐款。

Anewopportunitycameupin1723,inLeipzig,thelargestcityneartheregionwhereBachhadlivedandworked.ThiswasthepostofKantoroftheschoolattachedtothechurchofSt.Thomas,whichcarriedwithitthecitydirectorshipofmusic.Thedutieswereheavy,buttheprestigewashighandthesalarygood.TheKantorhadgeneralresponsibilityformusicinthecity"sfourprincipalchurches,intwoofwhichregularmusicalperformanceswithorchestraandchoirweretherule.Healsohadtosupervisetheothercivicmusicalactivities,composeforweddingsandfuneralsaswellasSundayservices,selectthechoirsandtrainthesenioronehimself,andteachmusicattheschool.Otherdistinguishedmusiciansappliedforthispost,butthendeclinedit:thethirdchoicewasBach.

一七二三年,在莱比锡有了新机遇,那是巴赫生活工作的地区附近的最大城市。这便是圣·汤姆斯教堂附属学校的音乐主事兼市内音乐总监一职。工作繁重,可地位高,薪水丰厚。音乐主事的基本职责是负责市内四个主要教堂的音乐和当时两个定期要举办的交响和合唱音乐会。他还得指导市内其他的音乐活动,为礼拜仪式以及婚丧礼谱曲,挑选合唱成员,亲自培训高级人才,并要在附属学校讲课。另有一些杰出的音乐家也申请过这个位置,可最后都放弃了:巴赫是申请者中的第三位,被录用了。

InMay1723BachmovedtoLeipzig.Inthisthrivingcommercialcityhewouldbetheemployeenotofaprivatepatron,whocouldactonhim,butofthecivicandchurchauthorities;further,hissonscouldattendSt.Thomas"Schoolandbesureofobtainingasoundeducation.Andthemusicaldutiesofferedaltogethermoreofachallengethanhehadfacedinhisearlierposts.

一七二三年五月,巴赫一家搬到莱比锡。在这个繁华的商业城市,巴赫不再是可对他指手画脚的私人赞助者的雇员,而是直接受雇于市镇和教堂当局。再说,他的孩子能入圣·汤姆斯附属学校读书,可确保受到良好的教育。这个职位的音乐任务加起来比先前任何一次都富挑战性。

Hesettoworkinmethodicalfashion.HehadtosupplycantatasforperformanceeachSunday,anddecidedtobuildupanewrepertory.Startingwithinweeksofhisarrival,hecomposedinhisfirstyearacompletecycleofcantatas(oneforeachSundayofthechurchyear:about60allowingforfeastdaysaswell);inhissecondyearheproducedanothercompletecycle.Heembarkedonathird,whichhetooktwoyearstocomplete.Thenfollowedafourth,in17289—thoughwecannotbecertainaboutthisasonlyahandfulofthecantatascomposedafter1727havesurvived.Probablyhewroteafifthcycleduringthe1730sand1740s.