IllustrativeofZhang’smethodinthisbookishisapproachto“Lisao”,thelongestpoliticallyricpoemofromanticismandrealisminChineseclassicalliterature,whichhasprovedtobethemagnumopusofQuYuan,whostruggledtopursuepatriotictruthallhislife.From“Lisao”,wecandiscernQuYuan’sconceptionofgoodpolity,andtherigidityandcouragewithwhichheboldlystruggledagainsttheChu’sdecadentnoblecliques,whichgangedtogethertopursueselfishinterestsandthusbroughtharmtothepeopleandthestate.Wecanappreciatethepoem’selegantstyleasapparentinitsbeautifullines,richallusions,andprecisediction.Whenweread“Turtledove”inTheBookofSongs;“Lisao”byQuYuan;“TheFifthoftheTwentyPoemsaboutDrinkingWine”byTaoYuanming;“BeingInvitedtoDrink”byLiBai;“ExpressingFeelingsinFiveHundredWordsontheWaytoFengxianCountyfromtheCapital”byDuFu;“SongoftheDepartingSon”byMengJiao;“TouringQiantangLakeinSpring”byBaiJuyi;“PreludetoWaterMelody——TheMidAutumnFestival”bySuShi;andsoon,wegraduallyunderstandhowthesepoets’insightscameintobeingduringthetimeinwhichtheylived.Wewillrealize,astheydid,therealsignificanceoftruth,kindness,andbeautyaccumulatedinChinesetraditionalculture,andthecreativepoeticstylesandcharacteristicsthatcanbefoundinancientChinesepoetryaswell.WewillalsofindthatmanysymbolsandmetaphorspredominateinancientChinesepoetry;forexample,in“Liso”byQuYuan,freshflowers,vanilla,andbirdsareusedtosymbolizelofty,pure,andmoralconduct,whilethewitheredmoxaindicatesmoralturpitude.Thepoet’smoralstanceandaccomplishedstylearesymbolizedthroughthewearingoffreshflowersandvanilla;inMengJiao’s“SongoftheDepartingSon”,thetendergrassiscomparedtoachild,andthesummersuntomaternallove.
张在这本书中的典型方法,体现在他对《离骚》的赏析中。这是中国古典文学中篇幅最长的一首浪漫主义与现实主义结合的政治抒情诗,是寻求爱国真理并为之奋斗终生的屈原的鸿篇绝唱。我们可以从《离骚》中看到屈原的“美政”思想,看到诗人大胆无畏地与结党营私、祸国殃民的楚国腐朽贵族集团进行斗争的执著与勇气,同时还可以从那优美的诗句、丰富的典故、准确的措辞中欣赏到诗人明晰而高雅的艺术风格。当我们读到《诗经》里的《关雎》,屈原的《离骚》,陶渊明的《饮酒二十首》(其五),李白的《将进酒》,杜甫的《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》,孟郊的《游子吟》,白居易的《钱塘湖春行》,苏轼的《水调歌头——中秋词》等诗词时,我们会逐步了解到诗人的识见是怎样在他们生活的时代里形成的。就像他们所做过的,我们将会认识到中国传统文化中所蕴含的真、善、美的真正意义,并了解到中国古代诗歌创作的艺术风格及其特点;我们还将发现,在中国古典诗词中大量使用了象征和比喻手法。比如:在屈原诗《离骚》里,鲜花、芳草、鸾凰用于象征高尚、纯洁的道德行为,而以枯萎的萧艾喻指堕落,诗人的道德观念和完美的人格则以佩戴鲜花与芳草来象征;在孟郊诗《游子吟》里,把小草比作孩子,温暖的阳光比作母爱。
Foralmosteverypoeminthisbook,theappreciationconsistsoftwoparts:AboutthePoetandAppreciation,which,informalEnglish,aremorethansufficientlydetailedandreadilyunderstandable.AsaforeignreaderandnativeEnglishspeaker,IthinkthatthisbookwillnotonlyhelpinunderstandingseveralfamousancientChinesepoetsandsomeoftheirverses,butwillalsofacilitateanoverallappreciationofthebrillianceofclassicalChinesepoetry,thecreativeartandvaryingstylesofwhichwillsurelyattractandholdtheattentionofforeignreaders.ThefamousancientChinesepoetsandtheirphilosophicalidealismsinpoeticmodes,andtheiroftenuniqueprosodicalandformalcharacteristics,willnodoubtappealtoanyseriousstudentofcomparativeliteratureandprosody.Attentivereaderswillfindsomethingrelevanttotheirownexperiencesandtolifeintheirowncountries;atthesametime,theywillberewardedwithculturalconceptionswhichareuniquelyChinese.Themostsuccessfulreaderisonewhoisinterestedinbothsimilaritiesanddifferencesamongcultures,andZhang’sbookwillnotfailtorewardcarefulperusal.
在这本书里,几乎每一首诗的赏析都分为“作者简介”和“赏析”两部分,英文规范,信息详细,明白易懂。作为一个以英语为母语的外国读者,我想这本书不仅能帮助外国读者了解中国古代的一些著名诗人和他们的一些诗词作品,还可便于我们总体欣赏中国古典诗歌的风采、创作艺术与各种风格——这些无疑会吸引外国读者,使他们予以持久的关注。毫无疑问,中国古代的著名诗人和他们以诗歌形式来表达的哲学理念,以及他们惯有的诗法上和形式上的特点,都将会引起任何一位严肃的研究比较文学的学生的兴趣。专心认真的读者将会在他们各自的国家找到一些与自己的经历和生活相关的东西,同时还会获得一些独特的中国式观念。一个最成功的读者就是一个对各种文化之间所存在的相似之处和不同之处都感兴趣的读者。认真研读张的这本书,对此将大有裨益。
ThisbookwillbeveryusefulforfurtheringculturalcommunionbetweenChinaandtheWest,notmerelyhelpingEnglishreaderstounderstandtheclassicalancientChineseculturebutalsoengagingtheirinterestinthehistoryofChinesepoetry.WiththeastonishinglyrapidreemergenceofChinaasaglobalpower,notleastofallinitsculturalinfluenceontherestoftheworld,seriousstudentsofliteraturecannotaffordtoignoretheseminalChinesepoeticworkswhichachievedeminencewellbeforetheriseofWesterntraditions,andwhichretaintheirmeritaspoeticworksofthefirstorder.IheartilyrecommendZhang’sbooktoallreadersofpoetry.
这本书对中西方文化的进一步交流将会很有用,它不仅能帮助英语读者了解中国的古典文化,还会引起他们对中国诗歌史的兴趣。随着中国以惊人的速度重新崛起为世界强国,它的文化对世界其他国家产生的影响绝非无足轻重,认真研究文学的学生千万不要忽视早期中国诗歌作品,因为它们在西方人文传统兴起之前就已臻辉煌的境界,并且依然保存着第一流的诗歌作品的优秀品质。为此,我诚挚地向所有的诗歌读者推荐张的这本书。
TaizhouCollege
Linhai,Zhejiang
People’sRepublicofChina
June20,2009
2009年6月20日
于中国浙江临海台州学院